Module Base

This module is the toplevel of the Base library; it's what you get when you write open Base.

The goal of Base is both to be a more complete standard library, with richer APIs, and to be more consistent in its design. For instance, in the standard library some things have modules and others don't; in Base, everything is a module.

Base extends some modules and data structures from the standard library, like Array, Buffer, Bytes, Char, Hashtbl, Int32, Int64, Lazy, List, Map, Nativeint, Printf, Random, Set, String, Sys, and Uchar. One key difference is that Base doesn't use exceptions as much as the standard library and instead makes heavy use of the Result type, as in:

type ('a,'b) result = Ok of 'a | Error of 'b

Base also adds entirely new modules, most notably:

The recommended way to use Base is to build with -open Base. Files compiled this way will have the environment described in this file as their initial environment.

module Applicative : sig ... end
module Array : sig ... end

Mutable vector of elements with O(1) get and set operations.

module Avltree : sig ... end

A low-level, mutable AVL tree.

module Backtrace : sig ... end

Module for managing stack backtraces.

Functions for performing binary searches over ordered sequences given length and get functions.

module Binary_searchable : sig ... end
module Blit : sig ... end
module Bool : sig ... end

Boolean type extended to be enumerable, hashable, sexpable, comparable, and stringable.

module Buffer : sig ... end

Extensible character buffers.

module Bytes : sig ... end

OCaml's byte sequence type, semantically similar to a char array, but taking less space in memory.

module Char : sig ... end

A type for 8-bit characters.

module Comparable : sig ... end

Defines functors for making modules comparable.

module Comparator : sig ... end

A type-indexed value that allows one to compare (and for generating error messages, serialize) values of the type in question.

module Comparisons : sig ... end

Interfaces for infix comparison operators and comparison functions.

module Container : sig ... end
module Either : sig ... end
module Equal : sig ... end

This module defines signatures that are to be included in other signatures to ensure a consistent interface to equal functions. There is a signature (S, S1, S2, S3) for each arity of type. Usage looks like:

module Error : sig ... end

A lazy string, implemented with Info, but intended specifically for error messages.

module Exn : sig ... end

Exceptions.

module Field : sig ... end

OCaml record field.

module Float : sig ... end

Floating-point representation and utilities.

module Floatable : sig ... end

Module type with float conversion functions.

module Fn : sig ... end

Various combinators for functions.

module Formatter : sig ... end

The Format.formatter type from OCaml's standard library, exported here for convenience and compatibility with other libraries.

module Hash : sig ... end
module Hash_set : sig ... end
module Hashable : sig ... end
module Hasher : sig ... end

Signatures required of types which can be used in [@@deriving hash].

module Hashtbl : sig ... end

A hash table is a mutable data structure implementing a map between keys and values. It supports constant-time lookup and in-place modification.

module Identifiable : sig ... end

A signature combining functionality that is commonly used for types that are intended to act as names or identifiers.

module Indexed_container : sig ... end

Provides generic signatures for containers that support indexed iteration (iteri, foldi, ...). In principle, any container that has iter can also implement iteri, but the idea is that Indexed_container_intf should be included only for containers that have a meaningful underlying ordering.

module Info : sig ... end
module Int : sig ... end
module Int_conversions : sig ... end

Conversions between various integer types

module Int32 : sig ... end

An int of exactly 32 bits, regardless of the machine.

module Int63 : sig ... end

63-bit integers.

module Int64 : sig ... end

64-bit integers.

module Intable : sig ... end

Functor that adds integer conversion functions to a module.

module Int_math : sig ... end

This module implements derived integer operations (e.g., modulo, rounding to multiples) based on other basic operations.

module Invariant : sig ... end

This module defines signatures that are to be included in other signatures to ensure a consistent interface to invariant-style functions. There is a signature (S, S1, S2, S3) for each arity of type. Usage looks like:

module Lazy : sig ... end

A value of type 'a Lazy.t is a deferred computation, called a suspension, that has a result of type 'a.

module List : sig ... end

Immutable, singly-linked lists, giving fast access to the front of the list, and slow (i.e., O(n)) access to the back of the list. The comparison functions on lists are lexicographic.

module Map : sig ... end

Map is a functional data structure (balanced binary tree) implementing finite maps over a totally-ordered domain, called a "key".

module Maybe_bound : sig ... end

Used for specifying a bound (either upper or lower) as inclusive, exclusive, or unbounded.

module Monad : sig ... end

A monad is an abstraction of the concept of sequencing of computations. A value of type 'a monad represents a computation that returns a value of type 'a.

module Nativeint : sig ... end

Processor-native integers.

module Nothing : sig ... end

An uninhabited type. This is useful when interfaces require that a type be specified, but the implementer knows this type will not be used in their implementation of the interface.

module Option : sig ... end

Option type.

module Option_array : sig ... end

'a Option_array.t is a compact representation of 'a option array: it avoids allocating heap objects representing Some x, usually representing them with x instead. It uses a special representation for None that's guaranteed to never collide with any representation of Some x.

module Or_error : sig ... end

Type for tracking errors in an Error.t. This is a specialization of the Result type, where the Error constructor carries an Error.t.

module Ordered_collection_common : sig ... end

Functions for ordered collections.

module Ordering : sig ... end

Ordering is intended to make code that matches on the result of a comparison more concise and easier to read.

module Poly : sig ... end

A module containing the ad-hoc polymorphic comparison functions. Useful when you want to use polymorphic compare in some small scope of a file within which polymorphic compare has been hidden

module Polymorphic_compare = Poly
module Popcount : sig ... end

This module exposes popcount functions (which count the number of ones in a bitstring) for the various integer types.

module Pretty_printer : sig ... end

A list of pretty printers for various types, for use in toplevels.

module Printf : sig ... end

Functions for formatted output.

module Linked_queue : sig ... end

This module is a Base-style wrapper around OCaml's standard Queue module.

module Queue : sig ... end

A queue implemented with an array.

module Random : sig ... end

Pseudo-random number generation.

module Ref : sig ... end

Module for the type ref, mutable indirection cells r containing a value of type 'a, accessed with !r and set by r := a.

module Result : sig ... end

Result is often used to handle error messages.

module Sequence : sig ... end

A sequence of elements that can be produced one at a time, on demand, normally with no sharing.

module Set : sig ... end

This module defines the Set module for Base. Functions that construct a set take as an argument the comparator for the element type.

module Sexpable : sig ... end

Provides functors for making modules sexpable. New code should use the [@@deriving sexp] syntax directly. These module types (S, S1, S2, and S3) are exported for backwards compatibility only.

module Sign : sig ... end

A type for representing the sign of a numeric value.

module Sign_or_nan : sig ... end

An extension to Sign with a Nan constructor, for representing the sign of float-like numeric values.

module Source_code_position : sig ... end

One typically obtains a Source_code_position.t using a [%here] expression, which is implemented by the ppx_here preprocessor.

module Stack : sig ... end
module Staged : sig ... end

A type for making staging explicit in the type of a function.

module String : sig ... end

An extension of the standard StringLabels. If you open Base, you'll get these extensions in the String module.

module Stringable : sig ... end

Provides type-specific conversion functions to and from string.

module Sys : sig ... end

Cross-platform system configuration values.

module T : sig ... end

This module defines various abstract interfaces that are convenient when one needs a module that matches a bare signature with just a type. This sometimes occurs in functor arguments and in interfaces.

module Type_equal : sig ... end

The purpose of Type_equal is to represent type equalities that the type checker otherwise would not know, perhaps because the type equality depends on dynamic data, or perhaps because the type system isn't powerful enough.

module Uniform_array : sig ... end

Same semantics as 'a Array.t, except it's guaranteed that the representation array is not tagged with Double_array_tag, the tag for float arrays.

module Unit : sig ... end

Module for the type unit.

module Uchar : sig ... end

Unicode character operations.

module Validate : sig ... end

A module for organizing validations of data structures.

module Variant : sig ... end

First-class representative of an individual variant in a variant type, used in [@@deriving variants].

module With_return : sig ... end

with_return f allows for something like the return statement in C within f.

module Word_size : sig ... end

For determining the word size that the program is using.

include module type of struct include T end
module type T = sig ... end
module type T1 = sig ... end
module type T2 = sig ... end
module type T3 = sig ... end
module Sexp : sig ... end
module Export : sig ... end
include module type of struct include Export end
include module type of struct include Sexp.Private.Raw_grammar.Builtin end
val lazy_t_sexp_grammar : Sexp.Private.Raw_grammar.t
type 'a array = 'a Array.t
val compare_array : a. ('a -> 'a -> int) -> 'a array -> 'a array -> int
val equal_array : a. ('a -> 'a -> bool) -> 'a array -> 'a array -> bool
val array_of_sexp : a. (Sexp.t -> 'a) -> Sexp.t -> 'a array
val sexp_of_array : a. ('a -> Sexp.t) -> 'a array -> Sexp.t
val array_sexp_grammar : Sexp.Private.Raw_grammar.t
type bool = Bool.t
val compare_bool : bool -> bool -> int
val equal_bool : bool -> bool -> bool
val hash_fold_bool : Hash.state -> bool -> Hash.state
val hash_bool : bool -> Hash.hash_value
val bool_of_sexp : Sexp.t -> bool
val sexp_of_bool : bool -> Sexp.t
val bool_sexp_grammar : Sexp.Private.Raw_grammar.t
type char = Char.t
val compare_char : char -> char -> int
val equal_char : char -> char -> bool
val hash_fold_char : Hash.state -> char -> Hash.state
val hash_char : char -> Hash.hash_value
val char_of_sexp : Sexp.t -> char
val sexp_of_char : char -> Sexp.t
val char_sexp_grammar : Sexp.Private.Raw_grammar.t
type exn = Exn.t
val sexp_of_exn : exn -> Sexp.t
type float = Float.t
val compare_float : float -> float -> int
val equal_float : float -> float -> bool
val hash_fold_float : Hash.state -> float -> Hash.state
val hash_float : float -> Hash.hash_value
val float_of_sexp : Sexp.t -> float
val sexp_of_float : float -> Sexp.t
val float_sexp_grammar : Sexp.Private.Raw_grammar.t
type int = Int.t
val compare_int : int -> int -> int
val equal_int : int -> int -> bool
val hash_fold_int : Hash.state -> int -> Hash.state
val hash_int : int -> Hash.hash_value
val int_of_sexp : Sexp.t -> int
val sexp_of_int : int -> Sexp.t
val int_sexp_grammar : Sexp.Private.Raw_grammar.t
type int32 = Int32.t
val compare_int32 : int32 -> int32 -> int
val equal_int32 : int32 -> int32 -> bool
val hash_fold_int32 : Hash.state -> int32 -> Hash.state
val hash_int32 : int32 -> Hash.hash_value
val int32_of_sexp : Sexp.t -> int32
val sexp_of_int32 : int32 -> Sexp.t
val int32_sexp_grammar : Sexp.Private.Raw_grammar.t
type int64 = Int64.t
val compare_int64 : int64 -> int64 -> int
val equal_int64 : int64 -> int64 -> bool
val hash_fold_int64 : Hash.state -> int64 -> Hash.state
val hash_int64 : int64 -> Hash.hash_value
val int64_of_sexp : Sexp.t -> int64
val sexp_of_int64 : int64 -> Sexp.t
val int64_sexp_grammar : Sexp.Private.Raw_grammar.t
type 'a list = 'a List.t
val compare_list : a. ('a -> 'a -> int) -> 'a list -> 'a list -> int
val equal_list : a. ('a -> 'a -> bool) -> 'a list -> 'a list -> bool
val hash_fold_list : a. (Hash.state -> 'a -> Hash.state) -> Hash.state -> 'a list -> Hash.state
val list_of_sexp : a. (Sexp.t -> 'a) -> Sexp.t -> 'a list
val sexp_of_list : a. ('a -> Sexp.t) -> 'a list -> Sexp.t
val list_sexp_grammar : Sexp.Private.Raw_grammar.t
type nativeint = Nativeint.t
val compare_nativeint : nativeint -> nativeint -> int
val equal_nativeint : nativeint -> nativeint -> bool
val hash_fold_nativeint : Hash.state -> nativeint -> Hash.state
val hash_nativeint : nativeint -> Hash.hash_value
val nativeint_of_sexp : Sexp.t -> nativeint
val sexp_of_nativeint : nativeint -> Sexp.t
val nativeint_sexp_grammar : Sexp.Private.Raw_grammar.t
type 'a option = 'a Option.t
val compare_option : a. ('a -> 'a -> int) -> 'a option -> 'a option -> int
val equal_option : a. ('a -> 'a -> bool) -> 'a option -> 'a option -> bool
val hash_fold_option : a. (Hash.state -> 'a -> Hash.state) -> Hash.state -> 'a option -> Hash.state
val option_of_sexp : a. (Sexp.t -> 'a) -> Sexp.t -> 'a option
val sexp_of_option : a. ('a -> Sexp.t) -> 'a option -> Sexp.t
val option_sexp_grammar : Sexp.Private.Raw_grammar.t
type 'a ref = 'a Ref.t
val compare_ref : a. ('a -> 'a -> int) -> 'a ref -> 'a ref -> int
val equal_ref : a. ('a -> 'a -> bool) -> 'a ref -> 'a ref -> bool
val ref_of_sexp : a. (Sexp.t -> 'a) -> Sexp.t -> 'a ref
val sexp_of_ref : a. ('a -> Sexp.t) -> 'a ref -> Sexp.t
val ref_sexp_grammar : Sexp.Private.Raw_grammar.t
type string = String.t
val compare_string : string -> string -> int
val equal_string : string -> string -> bool
val hash_fold_string : Hash.state -> string -> Hash.state
val hash_string : string -> Hash.hash_value
val string_of_sexp : Sexp.t -> string
val sexp_of_string : string -> Sexp.t
val string_sexp_grammar : Sexp.Private.Raw_grammar.t
type bytes = Bytes.t
val compare_bytes : bytes -> bytes -> int
val equal_bytes : bytes -> bytes -> bool
val bytes_of_sexp : Sexp.t -> bytes
val sexp_of_bytes : bytes -> Sexp.t
val bytes_sexp_grammar : Sexp.Private.Raw_grammar.t
type unit = Unit.t
val compare_unit : unit -> unit -> int
val equal_unit : unit -> unit -> bool
val hash_fold_unit : Hash.state -> unit -> Hash.state
val hash_unit : unit -> Hash.hash_value
val unit_of_sexp : Sexp.t -> unit
val sexp_of_unit : unit -> Sexp.t
val unit_sexp_grammar : Sexp.Private.Raw_grammar.t

Format stuff

type nonrec ('a, 'b, 'c) format = ('a, 'b, 'c) format
type nonrec ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd) format4 = ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd) format4
type nonrec ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) format6 = ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) format6

Sexp

Exporting the ad-hoc types that are recognized by ppx_sexp_* converters. sexp_array, sexp_list, and sexp_option allow a record field to be absent when converting from a sexp, and if absent, the field will take a default value of the appropriate type:

        sexp_array   [||]
        sexp_bool    false
        sexp_list    []
        sexp_option  None

sexp_opaque causes the conversion to sexp to produce the atom <opaque>.

For more documentation, see sexplib/README.md.

type 'a sexp_array = 'a array
type 'a sexp_list = 'a list
type 'a sexp_opaque = 'a
type 'a sexp_option = 'a option

List operators

include module type of struct include List.Infix end
val (@) : 'a List.t -> 'a List.t -> 'a List.t

Int operators and comparisons

include module type of struct include Int.O end

A sub-module designed to be opened to make working with ints more convenient.

val (+) : Int.t -> Int.t -> Int.t
val (-) : Int.t -> Int.t -> Int.t
val (*) : Int.t -> Int.t -> Int.t
val (/) : Int.t -> Int.t -> Int.t
val (~-) : Int.t -> Int.t
val (**) : Int.t -> Int.t -> Int.t
include Comparisons.Infix with type t := Int.t
val (>=) : Int.t -> Int.t -> bool
val (<=) : Int.t -> Int.t -> bool
val (=) : Int.t -> Int.t -> bool
val (>) : Int.t -> Int.t -> bool
val (<) : Int.t -> Int.t -> bool
val (<>) : Int.t -> Int.t -> bool
val abs : Int.t -> Int.t
val neg : Int.t -> Int.t
val zero : Int.t
val (%) : Int.t -> Int.t -> Int.t
val (/%) : Int.t -> Int.t -> Int.t
val (//) : Int.t -> Int.t -> float
val (land) : Int.t -> Int.t -> Int.t
val (lor) : Int.t -> Int.t -> Int.t
val (lxor) : Int.t -> Int.t -> Int.t
val lnot : Int.t -> Int.t
val (lsl) : Int.t -> int -> Int.t
val (asr) : Int.t -> int -> Int.t
val (lsr) : Int.t -> int -> Int.t
val (<) : int -> int -> bool
val (<=) : int -> int -> bool
val (<>) : int -> int -> bool
val (=) : int -> int -> bool
val (>) : int -> int -> bool
val (>=) : int -> int -> bool
val compare : int -> int -> int
val ascending : int -> int -> int
val descending : int -> int -> int
val equal : int -> int -> bool
val max : int -> int -> int
val min : int -> int -> int

Float operators

include module type of struct include Float.O_dot end

Similar to O, except that operators are suffixed with a dot, allowing one to have both int and float operators in scope simultaneously.

val (+.) : Float.t -> Float.t -> Float.t
val (-.) : Float.t -> Float.t -> Float.t
val (*.) : Float.t -> Float.t -> Float.t
val (/.) : Float.t -> Float.t -> Float.t
val (**.) : Float.t -> Float.t -> Float.t
val (~-.) : Float.t -> Float.t
val (|>) : 'a -> ('a -> 'b) -> 'b

Reverse application operator. x |> g |> f is equivalent to f (g (x)).

val (@@) : ('a -> 'b) -> 'a -> 'b

Application operator. g @@ f @@ x is equivalent to g (f (x)).

Boolean operations

val (&&) : bool -> bool -> bool
val (||) : bool -> bool -> bool
val not : bool -> bool
val ignore : _ -> unit
val (^) : String.t -> String.t -> String.t

Common string operations

Reference operations

val (!) : 'a ref -> 'a
val ref : 'a -> 'a ref
val (:=) : 'a ref -> 'a -> unit

Pair operations

val fst : ('a * 'b) -> 'a
val snd : ('a * 'b) -> 'b

Exceptions stuff

val raise : exn -> _
val failwith : string -> 'a
val invalid_arg : string -> 'a
val raise_s : Sexp.t -> 'a

Misc

val phys_equal : 'a -> 'a -> bool
val force : 'a Lazy.t -> 'a
module Continue_or_stop : sig ... end

Continue_or_stop.t is used by the f argument to fold_until in order to indicate whether folding should continue, or stop early.

exception Not_found_s of Sexplib0.Sexp.t